The role of motor processes in mental rotation: selective shaping of cognitive processing via specific sensorimotor experience

The involvement of motor processes in mental rotation is experience-dependent: different levels of expertise in sensorimotor interactions lead to different strategies in mental rotation. In the present study, wrestlers, gymnasts, and nonathletes physically rotated objects that were either light (wooden) or heavy (lead) but otherwise having the same sizes and shapes. They then performed a mental rotation task using photographs of these objects in which the material and therefore the weight was visible. I hypothesized that wrestlers would rely more heavily on experience-based sensorimotor strategies in performing mental rotation because during their athletic practice they not only manipulate external “objects” (i.e., their opponent) but also have to plan future actions taking into account past experience of these “objects” (for example their weight). All participants reported that lead objects were harder to physically rotate than wooden ones. However, only wrestlers mentally rotated lead objects more slowly than wooden ones—as they would if they were physically rotating them—suggesting the involvement of motor processes. These findings show that the involvement of motor processes in mental rotation depends on specific rather than mere sensorimotor experience.     

Solar rhythms in the characteristics of the Arctic frontal zone in the North Atlantic

Long-term changes of the Arctic frontal zone characteristics near the south-eastern coasts of Greenland were considered, the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data being used. It was found that in the cold half of the year the temperature gradients in the layer 1000–500 hPa in the region under study reveal strong ∼10-yr and ∼22-yr periodicities that seem to be related to solar activity cycles. The results obtained suggest the influence of solar activity and cosmic ray variations on the structure of the temperature field of the troposphere resulting in the changes of the temperature contrasts in the Arctic frontal zone that, in turn, may affect the intensity of cyclogenesis at middle latitudes. The detected effects seem to indicate an important part of frontal zones in the mechanism of solar activity and cosmic ray variation influence on the development of extratropical baric systems. It is suggested that the variations of the temperature gradients revealed in the Arctic frontal zone are due to the radiative forcing of cloudiness changes which may be associated with geomagnetic activity and cosmic ray variations.     

SiCp／Al电子封装复合材料预制坯的制备

文章研究了粘结剂的含量、成型压力和烧结工艺对SiCp预制坯性能的影响规律,结果表明:随着粘结剂含量的增加,预制坯中SiC颗粒的体积分数越来越小,抗压强度在粘结剂含量为30%时达到最大,随后缓慢下降;成形压力在10-25MPa之间时,随着成型压力的增大,预制坯中SiC颗粒的体积分数越来越大,其抗压强度也越来越大;在800℃以下烧结时,随着烧结温度的提高,预制坯中SiC颗粒的体积分数变得越来越小,但在800℃以后没有明显的变化,预制坯的抗压强度随着烧结温度的提高而增大,在1100℃时,效果最好。     

凝胶推进剂锥形管道流动特性数值分析

对凝胶推进剂在锥形圆管中的流动过程进行了数值计算,研究了锥形圆管收敛角对轴向速度、平均表观粘性、压降的影响关系,得到了凝胶推进荆在锥形圆管中的轴向速度与平均表观粘性分布.计算结果表明,随着收敛角的增大,出、入口截面平均表观粘性降低幅度不断增大,出口截面平均表观粘性不断减小至近牛顿粘性水平ηoo;并且,粘性的减小是以增大压降需求为前提的,当角度改变达某定值之后,角度的改变引起粘性的变化将不再显著.结果表明,圆管收敛角是影响粘性变化的一个重要参数,粘性变化与压降需求之间存在最佳结合点.     

射流自由长度对凝胶推进剂撞击雾化影响的实验

为研究射流自由长度对凝胶推进剂撞击雾化的影响,建立了撞击雾化实验台,制备了煤油凝胶和水基模拟液,测试了雾化装置的喷射系数及模拟液的黏性和稳定性。分析了3种射流速度不同射流自由长度条件下的凝胶撞击雾化特性,观测了射流和撞击喷雾图像。测量了液膜破碎长度、雾化液滴粒径分布和相应的SMD(索太尔平均直径)值。研究结果表明:低速时,随着射流自由长度增大,撞击液膜的喷雾形态会发生较大变化,而高速条件下,雾化形态则基本一致。3种射流速度下,破碎长度在45~9mm之间,并随射流自由长度逐渐减小。液滴分布服从Rosin Rammler规律,并具有较高的拟合精度。均匀度指数均在3~4之间,并随射流自由长度逐渐降低,粒径均匀度降低;较高射流速度下,SMD随自由长度逐渐增大。低射流速度时,SMD随射流长度先减小后增大,射流自由长度存在一个最优值,在设定研究条件下其值为25/3。因此,在设计撞击喷嘴时,根据射流速度选取适当的自由长度值可以获得更好的雾化效果。      

面向深空时变信道的数据传输策略

将呈现随机“好”、“坏”状态跳变的深空Ka频段链路噪声温度建模为两状态Gilbert-Elliot信道,考虑深空下行发送端只能获得延迟的信道状态信息（CSI）的限制,结合部分观测马尔科夫决策理论设计了基于延迟CSI预测信道状态的自适应最大化吞吐量传输策略。理论推导了在深空通信环境下最优传输策略的关键阈值,并给出了简化的闭合解计算式。通过地球-火星通信参数仿真,校验了该方案能有效提高吞吐量,提高文件传输效率。     

The role of radial perpendicular diffusion and latitude dependent acceleration along the solar wind termination shock

A numerical model, based on Parker’s transport equation, describing the modulation of anomalous cosmic rays and containing diffusive shock acceleration is applied. The role of radial perpendicular diffusion at the solar wind termination shock, and as the dominant diffusion coefficient in the outer heliosphere, is studied, in particular the role it plays in the effectiveness of the acceleration of anomalous protons and helium when its latitude dependence is changed. It is found that the latitudinal enhancement of radial perpendicular diffusion towards the heliospheric poles and along the termination shock has a prominent effect on the acceleration of these particles. It results in a ‘break’ in the energy spectrum for anomalous protons at ∼6.0 MeV, causing the spectral index to change from E^−1.38 to E^−2.23, but for anomalous helium at ∼3.0 MeV, changing the spectral index from E^−1.38 to E^−2.30. When approaching the simulated TS, the changes in the modulated spectra as they unfold to a ‘steady’ power law shape at energies below 50 MeV are much less prominent as a function of radial distances when radial perpendicular diffusion is increased with heliolatitude.     

Self-similar stochastic processes in solar wind turbulence

Solar wind data is used to estimate the autocorrelation function for the stochastic process x(τ) = y(t + τ) − y(t), considered as a function of τ, where y(t) is any one of the quantities B²(t), n_p(t)V²(t), or n_p(t). This process has stationary increments and a variance that increases like a power law τ^2γ where γ is the scaling exponent. For the kinetic energy density and the proton density the scaling exponent is close to the Kolmogorov value γ = 1/3, for the magnetic energy density it is slightly larger. In all three cases, it is shown that the autocorrelation function estimated from the data agrees with the theoretical autocorrelation function for a self-similar stochastic process with stationary increments and finite variance. This is far from proof, but it suggests that these stochastic processes may be self-similar for time scales in the small scale inertial range of the turbulence, that is, from approximately 10 to 10³ s.     

网格计算在工业过程控制中的应用前景

网格计算是一种新兴的解决大规模复杂问题的应用技术,充分利用现有资源提供高性能的计算能力。现在的生产过程越来越向大规模复杂化方向发展,过程控制需要新的控制模型和控制方法来解决这些问题。但现有的计算能力无疑又限制了控制技术的应用,将高性能的网格计算运用到过程控制当中可以提高控制模型和控制算法的计算速度,也将大大提高其控制品质和应用范围。